森林立地学会掟 森林立地42(2),2000,47〜52

Jpn.J.For.Environment42(2),47−52 2000

 

土壌物理性からみた畑地からの浮遊土砂発生機構と林地による捕捉効果

 

 

佐藤弘和・長谷川昇司**・長坂 有

北海道立林業試験場・**北海道立中央農業試験場

 

 

 畑地の浮遊土砂発生条件を明らかにするために,畑地(麦畑,秋まき大根畑)と対照区としての林地(落葉広葉樹林)において土壌物理性(貫入抵抗,基準浸入能,飽和透水係数)を測定し比較した。また,林地での浮遊土砂の捕捉効果を定量化するために緩傾斜林地に堰を設置し,降雨時の浮遊土砂濃度を測定した。貫入抵抗の鉛直プロファイルについてみると,麦畑と秋まき大根畑では時期によりプロファイルは異なり,麦畑と秋まき大根の畝間では表層約10cm程度に硬い層が存在した。また,営農活動が進行した麦畑と秋まき大根畑では,40cm程度の深さに硬い層が形成されていた。林地の貫入抵抗プロファイルは,時期による違いが認められず,畑地より低い値を示した。基準浸入能については,麦畑地では255mm h-1,秋まき大根畑の畝では1000mm h-1を超え,畝間では1mm h-1と極めて低い値を示した。一方,林地の基準浸入能は1000mm h-1を超えた。降雨時には,畑地で濁水化した地表流がみられた。これらの土壌物理性と現地観測結果から,営農活動が畑地の畝間の土壌浸透能ならびに土壌中の透水性を低下させることにより,地表流が発生しやすい状況になることが示唆された。林地を通過した濁水は,浮遊土砂負荷量が少ない場合が多く,濁水の大部分が基準浸入能の高い林地土壌に浸透したと考えられた。これより,畑地から河川への濁水負荷に対して,林地による濁水濾過効果は有効であることが確認された。

 

 Hirokazu Sato, Syouji Hasegawa and Yu Nagasaka: Processes of suspended sediment production from farmland and the effect of sediment trapping by forest land.

  To investigate the impact of farm practices on suspended sediment production, soil physical properties (penetration resistance, basic intake rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity) were measured for sloping farmland and forest of the Nukibetsu River watershed, Hokkaido, Japan. Weirs were installed at upper and lower levels of the forest headwater stream to estimate the filtering and sediment trapping effects of the forest soil. On rainy days, suspended sediment concentrations were measured at the two weirs. Seasonal differences in penetration resistance profiles were observed between a wheat and a fall cropping radish farm. In both farms, hard soil layers occurred at depths of 10 cm and 40 cm. The penetration resistance profiles of the forest were lower than those of the farms, and there was no clear seasonal change in the profiles. The basic intake rate for the wheat farm was 255 mm h-1, and for rows and furrows on the radish farm it was over 1000 mm h-1, vs. 1 mm h-1, respectively. The basic intake rate for the forest was over 1000 mm h-1. Surface flows with suspended sediment often generated on the farms during storms. Field observations indicate that farm practices cause farm soils to have a lower basic intake rate and permeability, resulting in muddy surface flows. Suspended sediment load at the lower weir was generally lower than that at the upper weir. Muddy surface flows were absorbed into the forest soil. The structure of forest soil provides an effective means to decrease the suspended sediment load discharged from farms into streams.


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